Rhetoric & Omission Entry #0582 Classified Declassified

Why an argument built on definitions is hard to answer

The dispute appears to be about a policy and every exchange is about what a word covers. One side is arguing inside a definition it conceded.

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Plate 159 — a dispute whose decisive move is in the first paragraph.

Intuition test — answer before you read on

Why is an argument that turns on a definition difficult to answer?

The disagreement appears to be about a policy, and every exchange in it is about what a word covers. One side proposed a definition, the other is arguing inside it, and the second side is losing without any evidence having been produced.

What everyone sees

Definitions look like preliminaries — housekeeping to settle before the real argument starts. Conceding one feels like a courtesy rather than a concession, since it appears to commit nobody to any claim about the facts.

What is actually happening

Classical stasis theory placed definition before quality and procedure for a reason: whoever fixes the terms fixes what will count as evidence. Zarefsky described definitional argument in political rhetoric, where the contested move is the categorisation itself and is rarely defended out loud. Schiappa treats definitions as arguments about how a word should be used rather than reports of how it is. Fahnestock and Secor showed disputes that look factual resolving at the definitional stasis instead.

Why it stays hidden

The move hides because it is agreed to rather than asserted. Once a definition is accepted, objecting to it later looks like moving the goalposts, and the objection has to be phrased in the vocabulary the definition supplied. The definitional stage also passes quickly and feels procedural, so the decisive point of the argument is the part that received the least attention.

Whoever supplies the definition supplies the criteria. Everything after that is administration.

Whoever supplies the definition supplies the criteria. Everything after that is administration.

The hidden part — entry #0582

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Whoever supplies the definition supplies the criteria. Everything after that is administration.

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Sources & further reading 3
  1. Zarefsky, "Presidential Rhetoric and the Power of Definition", Presidential Studies Quarterly, 2004
  2. Schiappa, "Defining Reality: Definitions and the Politics of Meaning", 2003
  3. Fahnestock & Secor, "The Stases in Scientific and Literary Argument", Written Communication, 1988

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